Table of Contents

Acknowledgments

About the Author

Introduction

The Intel 8051

Additional Information and Resources

Conventions used in this book

Microcontrollers

Different types of microcontrollers

Embedded Microcontrollers
External Memory Microcontrollers

Processor Architectures

Harvard versus Princeton
CISC versus RISC

Microcontroller Memory Types

Control Storage
Variable Area
Program Counter Stack
Hardware Interface Registers (I/O Space)

Microcontroller Features

Clocking
I/O Pins
Interrupts
Timers
Peripherals

The 8051

8051 Suppliers

8051 Processor Architecture

The CPU

8051 Addressing Modes

External Addressing

Interrupts

8051 Instruction Execution

8051 Instruction Set

Data Movement Instructions

Bit Operators

Execution Change Operators

8051 hardware features

Device Packaging

Chip Technologies

Power Considerations

Reset

System clock/oscillators

Parallel Input/Output

Level Conversion

Timers

Serial I/O

RS-232 Level Conversion

Control Store

External Memory Devices

Ordering Information

Enhanced 8051 Features

8051 Architecture Enhancements

Intel MCS-151/251
Dallas Semiconductor High-Speed Microcontrollers

Control Store and External Memory

Resizing Dallas Semiconductor HSM Control Store
Adding Wait States to Dallas Semiconductor HSM Microcontrollers with External RAM

Scratchpad RAM Enhancements

Timers

Dallas Semiconductor HSM Extensions
TIMER2
Dallas Semiconductor HSM Watchdog Timers

Serial I/O

Dallas Semiconductor HSM's Second Serial Port
Microwire
SPI
I2C
CAN

Analog I/O

Atmel AT89Cx051 Voltage Comparators

Application design

Power input

Reset

System oscillators and clocks

I/O Pin Interfacing

Interrupts

External RAM and ROM

8051 Programming

8051 Programming

Dallas Semiconductor DS8700 Programmer

Atmel AT789Cx051 Programming

PROG35: AT89Cx051 Programmer Circuit

Dallas Semiconductor "Secure" Devices

Microcontroller Programming

Software

Development Tools/Environments

Assembly Language

8051 Assembly Language Programming Styles

Interpreters

High-Level Languages

Intel Hex Format Object Files

8051 Debugging Hints

Experiments with the 8051

Tools and parts required

PROG1: Setting up UMPS and getting a Program to Assemble

PROG2: Arithmetic Operations

PROG3: Direct Bank Register Addressing

PROG4: Indirect Bank Register Addressing

PROG6: RAM Direct Addressing

PROG7: Bit Addressing

PROG8: The DPTR Pointer Register and External Memory

PROG5: Jumping Around and Control Store Pages

PROG9: Conditional Branching

PROG10: Loop Control

PROG11: Stack Operations

PROG12: Stack Arithmetic Operations

PROG13: Subroutines

PROG14: Register Parameter Passing

PROG15: Stack Parameter Passing

PROG16: Implementing Variable Arrays

PROG17: Control Store Tables

PROG18: State Machines

PROG1: Running a Program in Hardware

PROG19: Polling a button

PROG45: Inadvertently Changing an I/O Bit

PROG20: Button Debouncing

PROG21: Christmas Lights

PROG34: Oscillators

PROG34: Decoupling Capacitors and Power Supplies

PROG22: Reset

PROG23: RAM Contents on Power Up

PROG24: Timer Interrupts with Context Saving

PROG25: Timer Interrupts without Context Saving

PROG26: Button Debouncing using Interrupts and Timer

PROG27: Memory-Mapped I/O

PROG28: External Memory

In Closing

Emulators

Types of Emulators

Monitor Programs

PROG29: AT89Cx051 monitor/emulator using the DS87C520

Real-Time Operating Systems

RTOS Basics

PROG30: 8051 Example RTOS

PROG30: RTOSLite
PROG31: FullRTOS
LCD Digital Clock/Thermometer using FullRTOS

Example Applications

Marya's Music Box

PROG36: 51Bot - Getting the Wheels Turning

PROG37: 51Bot - Remote Operation with I/R TV Remote Control

PROG41: 51Bot - RS-232 Interface

PROG42: 51Bot - PWM Motor Control

51Bot: Embedded Card

PROG33: Aircraft Control Demonstration

PROG39: Light Sensors for Robots

PROG38: Ultrasonic Distance Measuring

PROG49: NTSC Compatible Video Output

PROG47: Electronic RS-232 "Breakout Box"

Epilogue

Appendix A - Glossary

Appendix B - 8051 Resources

Contacting the Author

8051 Suppliers

Part Suppliers

Periodicals

Web Resources

Consultants and Product Suppliers

Appendix C - 16-Bit Operations

Declaring 16-Bit Variables

Incrementing and Decrementing

Addition, Subtraction and Bit Operations

Multiplication

Division

Appendix D - Useful Routines

Timing Delays

Table Operations

LCD Interfaces

I2C Bus Master Interface

"Bit Banking" Asynchronous Serial Interface

Hex to ASCII conversion

Sorting Numbers

Loading the "Encryption Array"

Circular Buffers

Appendix E - UMPS

Appendix F - SimmStick

Appendix G - Remote 8051 Debugger

Appendix H - The CD-ROM

Appendix I - PROG50: Ordering Raw Cards and Kits

Index

This is the Table of Contents forProgramming & Customizing the 8051 Microcontroller.